Mineral Rights Taxes

Everything you need to know about mineral rights taxes can be found here.  Whether you are selling mineral rights or curious about how royalty income is taxed, we explain it all.

While taxes might be the most boring topic on earth, it is also a topic that can save you thousands of dollars if you understand how mineral rights are taxed.

Before we jump into the different types of mineral rights taxes, it is important to understand ordinary income vs capital gains tax rates.

Ordinary Income Tax:  Ordinary income simply means income that does not receive any type of special tax treatment.  Any payment you are made throughout the year that is taxed as ordinary income will be cumulative.

While each person has a unique tax situation, most individuals are going to be taxed between 22% and 24% when they are taxed at ordinary income tax rates.

Ordinary income tax rates for 2025 can be seen in the table below:

Source: Kiplinger

Source: BankRate.com

Once again, each person has a unique tax situation, but you will most likely be taxed at a 15% capital gains tax rate.  Texas has a 0% capital gains tax rate.

What this means is that when we say ordinary income tax you are probably paying 24% in taxes.  When we say capital gains tax you are probably paying 15% in taxes.

If you own mineral rights and you get paid a lease bonus, this bonus paid will be taxed as ordinary income.  Lease bonus payments are considered advanced royalties.  When the payment is made by the operator, they will generate and send you a 1099 at the end of the year and note the payment as a bonus payment.

Oil and gas royalty income is taxed at ordinary income tax rates.  Even if you have owned the mineral rights for a long time, this income will be treated like any other income you earn from your job or other sources.

This is where things get more complicated.

This is also where you can make a lot more money if you understand how mineral rights taxes work.

If you have owned the mineral rights less than 1 year, you will be taxed at ordinary income tax rates.  However, the vast majority of mineral owners have owned the mineral rights for more than 1 year.  This means you will be taxed at capital gains tax rates.

Let’s look at an example:

Example 1:  John has an offer to sell mineral rights for $300,000.  If he sells the mineral rights, he will pay capital gains tax rates of 15% or $45,000 in taxes.

Example 2: John decided to collect royalty income rather than sell his mineral rights.  John collected $300,000 over 10 years of royalty income.  During that time, John was paying a 24% ordinary income tax rate.  This means John paid $72,000 in taxes.  More importantly, it took John 10 years to collect the same amount of money and he was paying more in taxes.

In the examples above, the decision to sell mineral rights could be heavily influenced by taxes.  The mineral rights taxes John has to pay and the time he has to wait to collect royalty income could easily sway John to sell.

The example above is also the worst case scenario assuming that John received the mineral rights with his home purchase and has a $0 basis in the mineral rights.

Step-up Basis for Inherited Mineral Rights

In the example above, we ignored step-up basis for inherited mineral rights.  Most mineral owners inherit mineral rights.  This means you get to use the step-up basis tax advantage.

Your basis in the mineral rights is how much the mineral rights cost you.   When you inherit mineral rights, obviously they don’t cost you anything.  However, this special step-up basis tax rule allows you to treat inherited mineral rights as though your cost (basis) is the market value at the time of your inheritance.

What this means is that you only pay on the difference between the sales price and the market value when you inherited the mineral rights.   This could mean you owe very little or $0 in taxes when you sell mineral rights.

The best way to figure out step-up basis is to work backwards to determine the market value when you inherited the mineral rights once you sell the mineral rights.

We do this by looking at the inflation adjusted price of oil or looking at the inflation adjusted price of natural gas if your ownership is all or mostly gas.  You simply look at the price oil or gas when you sell and compare is to the inflation adjusted price of oil when you inherited.  If your ownership has production from both oil and gas, we recommend using oil prices as they are a better indicator of the overall oil and gas market.

Here is a picture of coffee to help you stay awake before we look at an example:

Example:  Step-up Basis Calculation and Taxes Due

In this example, lets assume you sold mineral rights for $300,000 that you inherited in 2009.  The current price of oil is $80/barrel.  Looking at the table linked above, the inflation adjusted price of oil was $68.26 in 2009.

To determine the amount of taxes due, we first need to determine your basis.  Your basis will be $68.26 (market value when inherited) / $80 (current price of oil) =  85.325%.  This means that your basis is 85.325% of the total sales price.

$300,000        Sales Price
X    85.325%   Basis Percentage
$255,975         Your basis (you do NOT owe tax on this amount)

$300,000 – $255,975 = $44,025  This is your gain and how much you owe taxes on.

Remember that you still get capital gains tax treatment on the sale, so you only owe 15% taxes on a $44,025 sale.  This means you owe taxes of $6,603.75 ($44,025 X 15%).

John will pay $6,603.75 in taxes on a $300,000 sale, or just 2.2% in taxes due to step-up basis rules.

As you can see from the example above, understanding mineral rights taxes is important.  Due to step-up basis, John is able to pay just a tiny fraction in taxes for the sale of his mineral rights.  Compare pay $6,603 in taxes and getting paid $300,000 TODAY vs paying $72,000 in taxes and getting paid over 10 years.

If you inherited mineral rights it nearly always makes sense to sell mineral rights due to stepped up basis.

While there is no way to know for sure, step-up basis has been constantly in threat of being eliminated.  This tax loop hole is a mineral owners best friend.  If the step-up basis tax treatment goes away, mineral owners are going to lose out on millions of dollars in potential tax savings.

If you inherited mineral rights and you are thinking about selling mineral rights, reach out to us and get a free consultation.  Find out how you can save thousands on taxes by selling your mineral rights.

Can you 1031 the sale of your mineral rights to avoid taxes entirely?  The short answer is YES!

However, there is a question here surrounding what “like-kind exchanges” means related to mineral rights.  The rules about what types of property are fairly liberal.  You can exchange apartment builds for raw land.

What can you exchange mineral rights for?  This is the tough question.  Obviously you can exchange mineral rights for other mineral rights.  However, finding a property within the time frame allowed can be challenging.  It is likely that you can 1031 mineral rights into another type of real property, but you should consult your qualified tax professional to ensure you can 1031 the mineral rights before you complete the transaction.

You should also be aware of depreciation recapture rules.  When you 1031, depreciation recapture comes into play.  If you have a good mineral rights tax professional, they have been depreciating your mineral rights as you collect royalty income.  This could trigger a tax consequence to completing a 1031 sale on your mineral rights.

The last thing to note is that if you want to do a 1031 on your mineral rights when you sell, you should clearly notify everyone involved up front.  Whether this is your mineral rights broker, a mineral buyer, or the owner of the property you intend to purchase, you should keep each party in the loop.  A 1031 adds a level of complexity to the sale which means things could take longer.  Parties need to know so they can plan accordingly.

One weird mineral rights tax rule is that mineral buyers are not required to send you a 1099.  When you collect income over $600, in most cases a 1099 is required to be issued.  The current rules do not require a mineral buyer to send a 1099.

In practice, some mineral buyers do send a 1099.

Whether you get a 1099 for the sale or not, you should simply report the sale of mineral rights on your taxes.

If you collect royalty income in Texas, there will be property taxes due.  These mineral rights taxes are based on how much income is generated.

Each year the oil and gas operators report how much oil and gas they sold, the pricing, royalties payments to mineral owners, etc to the counties and state.  Each county will then turn around and bill you for property taxes due on your producing mineral rights. The tax rates are generally low.

Make sure that you are paying these property taxes or you could lose your mineral rights to a sheriff’s auction.

If you do not receive any royalty income from oil and gas operations, generally speaking you will not owe property taxes.

Note:  In states outside of Texas, the rules vary.   Some states do not have property taxes at all.  Some states charge a tax at the time of sale.

No information provided on this paid should be considered legal, tax, or accounting advice.  You should reach out to your legal or tax professional to find out how mineral rights taxes work for your specific situation.

If you are thinking about selling mineral rights or have questions about mineral rights taxes, use the form below to get a free consultation.  Our team will quickly be in touch!